What Excatly Do Evaluators Look for in a Group Discussion Essay Example for Free

What Excatly Do Evaluators Look for in a Group Discussion Essay A gathering conversation or GD, is a type of many-on-numerous conversation. It has become an indistinguishable piece of admissions to the executives foundations and your determination in grounds interviews. A GD is held to distinguish certain characteristics that organizations and establishments like to find in their representatives or understudies. Lets investigate the characteristics which the evaluators pay special mind to in an up-and-comer during the GD. Information: Whatever you do in a GD, your insight about the subject cannot be supplanted by whatever else. You are required to talk in a GD yet inputs that dont contain any significant worth won't help in any capacity. Be an unquenchable peruser to build your insight on different subjects. Papers, TV, magazines, news gateways and so on are incredible wellsprings of information. Sharpness and sound judgment: In a GD you are required to deliberately tune in to different people musings and keep a contention, model or a strong proclamation, actuality, model prepared to take an interest in the conversation. Here comes into picture your sharpness and capacity to think and act right away. As you take an interest in a GD, ensure that you sit with a mindful brain and hold bringing down the pertinent focuses set forward by others. Correspondence: You may have a great deal of valid statements to put across yet on the off chance that you cannot impart them unmistakably, you wont have an opportunity with regards to dazzling the evaluators. Work on imparting in a reasonable and powerful manner with your companions, family or study gathering. Certainty: Your fearlessness increases the value of your candidature. Take a gander at each gathering part as you talk, keep away from a lot of hand development and taking a gander at evaluators. Authority and group abilities: Your cooperation in a GD plainly builds up your administration aptitudes as well as your capacity to work in a group. To meet the destinations, a decent pioneer must be a cooperative person. Objective direction: Since such a large number of individuals partake in a GD, the odds of the conversation moving endlessly from the subject are high. Your emphasis on the objective can get you some additional focuses. Presently, as you are being assessed for the above examined qualities, you should stay away from things that can work to your impediment and might cost you the choice. Here are a few things that you should abstain from doing as a GD member: Starting the conversation without appropriate subject information Although starting the conversation encourages you get the quick consideration of the evaluators, sharing superfluous subtleties only for teh purpose of talking can work to your disservice. Start first just on the off chance that you know the subject well in any case trust that others will begin and get a vibe of the subject before going into the conversation. Grabbing anothers opportunity to speak Give your gathering individuals an opportunity to talk. Talking more wont get you through the GD. Truth be told it will give the evaluators an inclination that you are not a cooperative person. Making short and significant commitments of 20-30 seconds 3-4 times in the conversation is sufficient. Interfering with others Let the other individual completion his remark before you talk. Interfering with somebody is considered a negative attribute. Keep in mind, it is a conversation not a discussion. Dont seize the ends. Listen cautiously to the next individual before putting your point over. Discourse In a GD you are relied upon to speak with all the individuals from the gathering. Try not to continue taking a gander at one individual while talking. Set up eye to eye connection with all the individuals from the gathering. It is a many-on-numerous conversation not one-on-one. Yelling or ruling Keep you feelings in line. Try not to attempt to command the others or let your feelings rule you. Once in a while it may happen that a gathering part may state something that offends you, for example, a remark on your race or religion, ensure that you don't get into a contention. Your center ought to be to adequately meet the objectives of GD theme. Flaunting You need to put over your insight regarding the matter during the GD yet you must be exceptionally cautious about the slight division between flaunting and information sharing. For eg, utilizing insights and realities during the GD is something worth being thankful for to do however you should not try too hard enough to disgust the gathering individuals. Low self-assurance or uncertainties As we have seen before, one of the characteristics assessed during a GD is your self-assurance. Try not to stop for a second to talk unhesitatingly, regardless of whether you may be shy of thoughts or information regarding the matter. Tune in to other people and put over your musings in an unmistakable and discernible voice. Ensure that you look at all the gathering individuals. Slang and negative signals GD is a conventional conversation. Keep away from casual words and negative motions. For example maintain a strategic distance from words like going to, wanna, ya and so forth. So also keep away from motions like pointing fingers, tapping the work area with the pen. On the off chance that you guarantee that you don't submit these mix-ups during the GD, you won't need to stress a lot over the negative imprints and your odds of traversing it additionally become a lot more splendid.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay Example for Free

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay Presentation Post horrendous pressure issue (PTSD) is a psychological wellness condition that presents in type of tension issue, and it as a rule creates following presentation to an occasion or episode that is startling and for the most part connected with an expanded hazard or genuine event of serious body hurt. These occasions surpass the adapting abilities of the individual, coming about into mental injury. Because of the injury, the influenced individual creates dread molding in their cerebrum, conceivably due to certain mind synthetic concoctions that are discharged. A few structures in the cerebrum are additionally thought to experience decay. The danger of creating post horrendous pressure issue is likewise impacted by hereditary qualities and individual attributes, for instance youth experience, past presentation and prior conditions, for example, gloom, sexual orientation and level of introduction to injury (Fullerton Ursano, 2005). The vast majority who build up this condition are the individuals who have been presented to horrendous episodes in their adolescence or adulthood, similar to catastrophic events, artificial debacles, mishaps, military battle, and vicious physical maltreatment, as people or seeing another person experience the occurrences. Around 66% of the populace overall gets presented to huge horrible circumstances throughout their lifetime. The degree of introduction to or experience of a horrible accident is reliably connected with the probability of creating PSTD. The advancement of post horrendous pressure issue additionally shows critical relationship with poor financial settings, age, race, ethnicity, and work status. The influenced individuals experience nonstop startling considerations as they review the unnerving encounters, regularly having rest issues and feeling confined and getting pulled back. The patients create mental issues, for example, neuroticism, blame, challenges in focus, poor adapting abilities, and over the top side effects. The degree of social help accessible for the individuals who have been presented to horrendous mishaps is the most grounded determinant of the danger of post awful pressure issue (Fullerton Ursano, 2005). Post horrible pressure issue is delegated intense, incessant or deferred beginning. Intense posttraumatic stress issue presents with side effects that don't persevere past a quarter of a year, while in the constant structure the manifestations last over a quarter of a year. Deferred beginning post horrible pressure issue is the one wherein the side effects begin showing up around a half year following introduction to the awful accident. When contrasted with ordinary pressure that is typically connected with intense responses that quickly come back to the ordinary express, the organic and mental components in post awful pressure issue are in terminable and frequently become extreme with time (Fullerton Ursano, 2005). Current treatment of post horrendous pressure issue incorporates presentation treatments and nervousness the board trainings as the principal line medications. Pharmacological treatments, for example, the utilization of specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors have additionally been structured and demonstrated to be powerful, however concentrated investigations are in progress to create other type of medications. Despite the conceivable adequacy of pharmaceutical mediations, mental medicines despite everything remain the favored helpful methodologies for this issue (Keane, Marshall Taft, 2006). The result of the restorative mediations relies upon the degree of social help, and absence of indications, for example, shirking, passionate desensitizing and hyperarousal. As indicated by Keane, Marshall and Taft (2006), PSTD has been in presence for a long time however it got perceived in the 1980. This condition was generally connected to fighting, until examines showed the event of comparative indications in the regular citizen populace presented to cataclysmic events, mass calamities and deplorable mishaps. Preceding this, post awful pressure issue was recognized by various names, for example, â€Å"shell stun, fight weariness, mishap anxiety, and post-assault syndrome† (Keane, Marshall Taft 2006, p.163). After the American Psychiatric Association arranged post horrible pressure issue, it was commonly concurred that the condition came about because of awful mishaps and not the recently seen singular shortcoming. Be that as it may, these horrendous mishaps were taken to be stressors past the day by day human encounters including war, regular cataclysms, synthetic fiascos, and assault among others. Side effects of PSTD Side effects of post awful pressure issue as often as possible change the patient’s individual life and can influence one’s practical capacities. These indications for the most part start following the horrendous experience, yet frequently they may seem a while or years since the introduction. These side effects are ordered into four kinds including remembering, evasion, desensitizing and hyperarousal (Fletcher, 1996). Patients experiencing this issue as often as possible remember recollections of the awful episodes in type of flashback and bad dreams. This remembering of horrendous accidents is frequently activated by upgrades identified with the occasion. Evasion of scenes identified with the horrendous mishap is likewise a typical manifestation introducing in people with post awful pressure issue. The patients demonstrate a propensity to evade boosts and triggers that are related with the awful recollections, and may participate in exercises to shield them from intuition or talking about such occasions. Deadness may likewise show as a method of maintaining a strategic distance from the horrible recollections. Hyperarousal is another regular indication in PSTD patients, whereby the casualties become exceptionally alarm and post for dangers. This makes the patients to turn out to be truly touchy and experience issues in concentrating. The patients may likewise create dozing disarranges, display vicious conduct and alarmed reactions (Rosen, 2004). Data handling in patients with PSTD Different models have been created to clarify the memory and focus issues showed by patients influenced by post awful pressure issue. These models relate the psychological issues with these patients with the adjustments in the mind structures that work in learning and memory. The principal model is portrayed as dread structure, whereby the cerebrum of the influenced people become modified to process data related with the compromising experience and resulting physiological, physical and conduct reactions. Another data handling model depends on psychological hypothesis, with a supposition that the confusion advances just if an individual sees the horrible episode in a way that makes the occurrence to get undermining after it has occurred. The view of the injury as being available outcomes into interruptions and remembering side effects, tension, and over sharpness. In this manner, the influenced singular attempts to diminish impression of the danger through social and psychological alterations, in spite of the fact that these progressions further propagate the manifestations (Rosen, 2004). Commonness of PSTD Epidemiologic examinations demonstrate that around 10 percent of the all inclusive populace experience PSTD eventually in the course of their life. Epidemiologic studies likewise show that between a third and 66% of the total populace experience or witness injury eventually throughout everyday life. The most widely recognized types of awful mishaps individuals get presented to or involvement with created nations incorporate grave damage or demise, fire debacles, common catastrophes, and dangerous mishaps. The most pervasive types of injury experienced by females are assault, sexual misuse and misuse, physical attack, and disregard, while physical ambush and military-related injury are progressively common in guys (Fullerton Ursano, 2005). Post awful pressure issue can happen at any age, and the period it takes to create following introduction or encountering of a horrible accident ranges from hours to years. The pervasiveness of PSTD in everybody is higher in females when contrasted with guys, with an expected predominance of 10 percent and 5 percent individually. Among people presented to injury, the pervasiveness of post awful pressure issue in guys is 8 percent, while in females it is around 20 percent. The predominance contrasts across sexual orientation lines are believed to be identified with the particular type of injury experienced. For example, it has been indicated that females who experience physical attack or are undermined with a weapon are at a high danger of creating post horrendous pressure issue when contrasted with men exposed to a similar injury. Thus, guys who experience sexual maltreatment are at a higher danger of creating PSTD when contrasted with the females who additionally experience a similar stressor. Also, introduction to relational savagery among ladies is emphatically connected with later improvement of post horrible pressure issue. When all is said in done , introduction to relational viciousness is firmly connected with the advancement of PSTD when contrasted with horrendous accidents that happen without a human culprit. Further examinations show that of the whole populace that experience or witness extreme injury eventually in their life, it is under 20 percent who create post horrible pressure issue, in this manner recommending the presence of many hazard factors (Fullerton Ursano, 2005). The commonness is essentially expanded in nations where paces of viciousness, violations and war are high, and furthermore in parts of the world that are progressively inclined to normal fiascoes. More youthful age seems, by all accounts, to be related with a higher danger of creating post awful pressure issue (Keanne, Marshall, Taft, 2006). Meta examination contemplates have additionally indicated that youngsters and adolescents who get presented to awful accidents are 1.5 occasions prone to create post horrendous pressure issue than grown-ups presented to a similar injury. These discoveries recommend that the formative procedure of the turmoil in youthful people changes from that of the grown-ups. Lower instruction accomplishment is additionally associa

In Search of Answers

In Search of Answers When most people learn what kind of work I do, they often speculate about the difficulty in selecting the students who will ultimately be admitted to the class. Even though they are certainly right, I am quick to point out that I am just a single member of an otherwise exceptional group of people who make up the admission staff. It is the collective wisdom of the admissions staff that can be credited with the successful enrollment of each outstanding new class. While I dont want to minimize my contributions or the work of other admissions officers, our roles in the admissions process are far easier than the tasks that students and their parents face. For me to weigh in on the merits of an individual applicant, I dont need to be introspective or do any soul searching to figure out who I am. I dont need to assimilate tons of information accumulated through extensive research, campus visits and conversations. I dont have to figure out how to organize all that information, or even determine the criteria that will be used to make the decision. Fortunately, everything that I need to know typically comes together in a nice, tidy package. For students and parents, this is simply not the case. If you approach the process thoughtfully, there are no shortcuts. Guidebooks can be useful if you are looking for a quick synopsis. Rankings can provide a comparative yardstick. But there is no substitute for figuring out who you are, who you want to be, what experiences you need to have to help you get there, and what institution is best suited to provide you with those experiences. I have had several conversations in the last few weeks with students and parents, struggling with issues ranging from which high school environments will provide the best foundation for admission to how does one actually make the choice between enrolling at MIT or one of our similarly selective peer institutions, assuming that one is fortunate enough to have that choice. I won’t answer either of those questions here, as those conversations were long and nuanced. What those and other similar conversations highlighted for me is that I just haven’t come across a lot of great resources that help students and parents consider these questions. So I am curious, has anyone come across a great resource (other than the MIT Admissions Blogs) that helps students and parents identify and explore these aspects of the college search and admission process (without the misguided focus of attempting to gain admission to a specific institution or type of institution)? If you have, I’d love to hear about it in the comments section below. There is a good chance that everyone else will appreciate your recommendations as well.

College Coach As A Football Coach - 890 Words

College Coach To be a college coach you have to be very dedicated and love the sport you are coaching. Being a college coach is very time consuming and a very hard job to land in the sports world. The competition that one faces when trying to get into the job field is fierce. This means that the job as a coach in the collegiate athletic career field is limited to a small percentage of the people that end up applying. These people need to be able to fulfill a variety of duties for their universities, and because of this it is important that anyone who is thinking of applying knows the difficulty that comes with the job (Greenwald, 2010). A person must have specific knowledge of the sport they desire to coach, because they have many duties that come with their job. â€Å"One of the main duties of the Coach is to put together a team of the best athletes available in the specific sport† (Field, 2012, p.115). Coaches and athletes both want to be successful. This is why one of the main duties of a coach is to pick the top players out of high school. It is hard to be successful if a team does not have the proper athletes. A coach’s duties will vary depending on the size of the school. At a small school a college coach could be responsible for not only coaching but also recruiting, scouting, finance of the team, and much more, while at a larger school a coach may have their own departments for each of those duties. The main focus of a college coach is to prepare his or her playersShow MoreRelatedAs a child I grew up playing football, and I’ve always had a passion for the game. After playing my1300 Words   |  6 Pagesplaying football, and I’ve always had a passion for the game. After playing my final down, I knew that my days with the sport were not over. Football is a sport that molds boys into men. My dream is to become a football coach. My coaches had a very strong impact on my life and helped me evolve into the person I am today. By becoming a football coach I will have the ability to make an impact on my player’s life like my coaches did with mine. My biggest inspiration in becoming a football coach is LouRead MoreEssay on Coach Bowden955 Words   |  4 Pageslifelong love for football at an early age. As a young child he would often climb onto the roof of his house and sit for hours watching the local high school team run practice drills. Bobby played football while a student at Woodlawn High School in Birmingham, Alabama and again in college, first at the University of Alabama and then at Howard College (now Samford University). Bobby’s coaching career began in 1954 as an assistant coach at Howard College. After working as an assistant coach at Howard forRead MoreMovie Review of The Program712 Words   |  3 Pagesknows that the NFL is a business, the fact that college football is just as much of a money-making endeavor is often ignored, because of fine slogans about amateur sportsmanship and teamwork. 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Being able to communicate properly with the players as well as other people in this area of work is what will be the determinant of a successful career. By watching how Tomlin conducts himself I can learn what I have to do in order to be a successful coach one day. Mike Tomlin was born in Hampton, Virginia, on March 15th, 1972, and is currently 44 years old. He hasRead More Penn State Needs to End Paterno’s Time in Power Essay1415 Words   |  6 PagesPower Joe Paterno has been at the helm of Penn State football since 1966. In the world of intercollegiate sports it’s hard to find a coach that has a tenure with the same institution for more than ten years. In the past 37 seasons, Coach Paterno has won an astonishing 336 games, breaking Paul â€Å"Bear† Bryant’s record of 323 set at the University of Alabama. Besides obtaining the most wins in NCAA Division 1-A football, Paterno has two national championships (1982 and 1986) and a Big TenRead MoreGlory Road Vs Remember The Titans1344 Words   |  6 PagesGage Vanourney Mr.Mangano Intro to College Writing 10/10/2017 Glory Road vs Remember the Titans The movie â€Å"Glory Road,† is the stereotypical disney sports movie. The movie is about a college basketball team that had recruited more black than white players, the team was not supposed to win many games but they quickly went right past their expectations, and went all the way to being the best team in college. The movie is based on a basketball team in 1966. Texas Western won the NCAA basketballRead MoreLeadership Style871 Words   |  4 PagesStyle of Urban Meyer Urban Meyer-Head Coach Ohio State Football Urban Meyer is the head coach for The Ohio State Buckeyes football team. He is 49 years old and was born in Toledo Ohio. He attended University of Cincinnati where he played football. Coach Meyer is married and has three children. Prior to coaching Ohio State he retired from coaching was working as a sports analyst for ESPN. Before retiring and working for ESPN, Coach Meyer was the head coach for the University of Florida. He ledRead MoreSports1179 Words   |  5 Pagespersonal relationship with these characters by how detailed and up close the documentary is. The first theory that the film shows is the conflict theory. The Manassas High School football team is in Memphis, Tennessee. The team is compiled of poor inter-city kids in the western Memphis region. The Manassas Tigers football program has had a reputation for being an â€Å"easy win† on the opponents’ schedule for the last 110 years. The explanation for the consecutive failing seasons was due to the prominent

The Beginning Of The Cold War - 1718 Words

The year 1945 is the year that became known as the beginning of the Cold War. This war was and continues to be an ideological standoff between the ideas of Russian Communism and American Democracy and Capitalism. According to Webster’s dictionary, â€Å"Communism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs†. Webster’s dictionary also describes Democracy a â€Å"form of government in which a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, usually through elected representatives†. The Cold War started after the end of World War II, when the eyes of both†¦show more content†¦Between the years of 1961 to 1963 at the height of the cold war Nikita Khrushchev represented Communism and ruled Russia. On what seemed worlds away a young and handsome John F. Kenned y embodied democracy, represented the American dream and lead the United States of America. On May 29, 1917, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. His family was wealthy and had many considerable political ties. In 1940, JFK graduated from Harvard where he had studied political science. In World War II he enlisted in the Navy and served as lieutenant in the Navy. During active duty his boat came under Japanese attack. His boat was hit by a Japanese torpedo and he led the survivors of his boat to safety. Back from War he wrote Profiles in Courage, which won the Pulitzer Prize in history. He served three terms in House of Representatives, as well as a term as senator from 1953 to 1960. In November of 1960, Kennedy won the presidential election by a very narrow margin beating Richard Nixon and went on to become the 35th president of the United States. For Russia, its Nikita Khrushchev served as the first secretary of the Soviet Communist party from 1953 to 1964 and effective leader of the USSR from 1956 to 1964. He did serve as premier to Russia in 1958 because Russian law doesn’t allow more than two consecutive terms by the same

Global Leadership - 711 Words

The best leaders: Are friends with their subordinates but make decisions on their own Compete with their own direct reports and make sure they are better than others Speak honestly, but take into account others’ status Use indirect language and metaphors rather than get straight to the point Avoid taking risks American readers are probably scratching their heads: what kind of a leadership profile is this? How can a leader ignore his direct reports when making key decisions? What happens to credibility when you’re constantly massaging the message? The brief profile above came from a survey of Chinese managers as part of the research program called the GLOBE project. Of course, there are also parts of the†¦show more content†¦Given that I have a stake in business school education, I can’t help but wonder how we should be preparing our graduates for such a global environment. Can a business school improve the Global Mindset of its students if the school, its administration, and its faculty don’t have it themselves? Mansour Javidan is the Dean of Research, Garvin Distinguished Professor, and Director the Global Mindset Leadership Institute at Thunderbird School of Global Management. His latest HBR article, â€Å"Making It Overseas,† was published in April 2010. (Editor’s note: This post is part of a six-week blog series on how leadership might look in the future. The conversations generated by these posts will help shape the agenda of a symposium on the topic in June 2010, hosted by HBS’s Nitin Nohria, Rakesh Khurana, and Scott Snook. This week’s focus: cultural distinctions andShow MoreRelatedThe Challenges Of Global Leadership1614 Words   |  7 Pageson the subject of global leadership. This is especially true of leaders who become expatriates, who are those leaders that are assigned to do work overseas or a country that’s not their own. 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However, in this case, western leadership has played a major role in issues related to global expansion despite challenging conditions within the working environment. Undoubtedly, the world is expanding rapidly, and at the same time shrinking in some aspects that have made national borders increasingly irrelevant. In fact, global expansion has been used by western leadership to increaseRead MoreGlobal Leadership - Carlos Ghosn875 Words   |  4 PagesThe Global Leadership of Carlos Ghosn at Nissan. . In 1999, the Nissan was suffering under a decade of decline and un-profitability, in fact the company was on the verge of bankruptcy, with continuous loses for the past eight years resulting in debts of approx.$22billion. Lack of market knowledge, innovation, customer needs, quality management and competition consideration as well the devaluation of Yen against

Is Downloading Free Music from the Internet Unethical Essay Example For Students

Is Downloading Free Music from the Internet Unethical? Essay Is Downloading Free Music from the Internet Unethical? Copyright infringement is not a new issue. The issue has been debated in court since the development of the VS.. In Sony Corp.. V. Universal City Studios, the court ruled that the sale of copying equipment was legal because the VS. was capable of substantial infringing uses. (Hairbrush) The issue with music sharing is that its only purpose is a copyright infringing act. New advancements in technology have always made life faster, easier and more convenient. Theyve also had their share of court cases, which have defined rules and set guidelines for future cases. When trying to determine if downloading music from an online source is ethical, one must look at various court cases throughout the years to understand the history of the issue. The following court cases could help one make such a decision. A Records vs.. Anapest (2001) Their activities were ruled to be inductive to financial gain from illegal infringement. (Laws. Com) MGM Studios, Inc. . Grosser, Ltd. (2005) Providers of Software thats designed to enable file sharing of copyrighted works may be held liable for the infringement that takes place using that software. (Copyright. Gob) Arises Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC (2006) By distributing and maintaining Limier (they) intentionally induced direct infringement by users. (Gavin) Victim Vs.. Google (2007) Youth was not liable for infringement because it removed unauthorized videos when informed about them. Jeffrey) The consensus of previous court hearings seems to be that free music downloads are unethical because the artists are not being paid for their work. This however, has not deterred other websites from offering free music downloads. Tensions have eased substantially, as Youth has set up an automated system to detect and block infringing videos and has signed revenue-sharing agreements with more than a thousand media companies. I believe that original websites like Anapest, who didnt pay royalties to copyright owners, were unethical.

Media Conglomeration Essay Example

Media Conglomeration Essay CBS, MTV, Nickelodeon, VH1, BET, Paramount Pictures, UPN, Spike TV, TV Land, CMT: Country Music Television, Comedy Central, Showtime, and Blockbuster Video. Â  These are just a few of the companies that media giant Viacom owns. Â   Viacoms website states that CBS is the most watched network on TV. Â  It also says that MTV is the most widely distributed television network in the world, Paramount Pictures is a leading distributor of motion pictures, and infinity broadcasting is one of the largest radio operators in the United States. Â  Viacom also owns book publishing companies, video stores, and even amusement parks. Â  There is no doubt that Viacom is one of the largest and most influential companies in the world. But does the quality of the media go down because of these large media giants? Â  Do companies care about the public being truly informed, or are they just out Beginning with thefirst of the mega media mergers, Capital Cities buying ABC in 1986, and then after the 1996 Telecommunications Act, which opened the floodgates, the trend has been for large corporations to buy media and broadcast companies. Â  According to the FCC there have been over 1000 broadcast deals in the last ten years. Â   But often the conglomeration of media outlets hurts consumers by taking choice out of their hands and putting it into the hands of corporations. The media giants have become neglectful in their duties to serve a public interest. Â  Instead they serve their own narrow interest. Â  These narrow interests do serve the stockholders, theoretically of which anyone can become, but this is not the traditional position that media outlets should hold. Corporate pressure to squeeze out every penny in earnings has forever changed the look of news reporting. Â  Gone are the days of respected newsmen such as Walter Cronkite and Edward R. Murrow. Â  Gone are the

War in iraq essays

War in iraq essays The war in Iraq has many people in America and around the world questioning Americas intentions. Some might speculate that America went into this war to obtain oil. Others might see America as power hungry by wanting to overthrow Saddam Hussein. There are many different speculations about what exactly caused America to go to war. One reason I believe we were so determined to go to war with Iraq is because of September 11th. I think that George Bush felt the pressure of the American people to seek revenge on somebody. It turns out that that somebody turned out to be the country of Iraq. I think George Bush basically came into the presidency with the goal of overthrowing Saddam Hussein, something his father failed to do, and when September 11th happened it made Bush that much more determined. I think that the American people knew that Saddam needed to be dealt with. The problem is the way Bush tried to accomplish this. I feel that there could have been more subtle tactics used. For instance why couldnt one of Americas Special Forces try to sneak into shooting range of Saddam to assassinate him? I think that approach seems a little more logical, rather than send thousands of our troops into harms way. I also think that the American people feel like they have been lied to by yet another president. One of the main reasons that America went to war is because we were told that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction. After more than a year of fighting has there been any weapons of mass destruction found? NO. I think that many Americans were absolutely one-hundred percent for the war in the beginning. Who in there right mind wouldnt want to go to war if they were told that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction and not to mention had a part in the worst catastrophe in American history. Now Americans are starting to see that Bush was very misleading to the people and his job approval rating is s...

Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Diversity - Essay Example CEI is an indication of zero tolerance to discrimination in the workplace, especially with reference to the LGBT community. The rating of corporations in terms of their CEI displays to the public companies with good and ethical practices in terms of their corporate cultures. For a company to appear in the list of top ten LGBT companies, it has to exhibit maximum CEI. This compels potential employers of LGBT community to develop their organizational cultures with gender orientation in mind. Consequently, the 100 percent CEI requirement is a good initiative of checking workplace discrimination on LGBT community in a work environment crippled by dearth of LGBT workplace protection law. Human rights must be protected from all dimensions. Every member of the society deserves to enjoy protection against discrimination of whatever kind. Consequently, it is difficult to object the demand by Diversity Inc’s requirement of 100 percent CEI for companies listed in their website, which is a public exhibition of companies that are socially responsible and zero tolerant to workplace

Law of Electronic Commerce and the Internet Essay - 1

Law of Electronic Commerce and the Internet - Essay Example The taxation, customs, trade practices, industrial law, bankruptcy, immigration, administration law, patents, copyright, environment law, sexual and racial discrimination, access to information will be dealt by Federal court of Australia. Federal court will hear the class actions that involve seven or more people who have claims against the one defendant. The family court will deal with family laws. It deals with divorce, division of property and maintenance, child related matters, determining parenting orders and plans. The court to appeal on the decision of family court is high court. The magistrates court of the federal legal system deals with providing the action for litigants and eases the work load of the federal and family court. Thus it works as a complex lessening part in the federal judicial system as the jurisdiction is concurrent with family and federal court. 1 The state legal system's first stage is the magistrate court. The state coroner's office, victims of crimes assistance tribunal, work related injuries and perin courts are part of this system. The majority of the criminal and civil matters that proceed to court will be dealt by magistrate court. The offences of less serious in nature will be dealt by this court system. It is having civil jurisdiction and is the immediate court that can be approached in any case. The next stage in the state legal system is the county court of Victoria. It has both criminal and civil jurisdiction in concurrent with Supreme Court. The person who is not in agreement with the magistrate's court can appeal to county court and the appeal court for this is supreme court of the state. The supreme court of any state will have trial and appeals division that deals with the differentiation of the disputes and appeals. The appeal court for this part of the court system in the state legal system is high court of the country. The high court is the top of the legal hierarchy in Australia. As a result it has both criminal and civil jurisdiction and is the ultimate court to appeal. It can resolve the interstate disputes and thus the federal system prevails over the state legal system. References 1. law institute Victoria, 2007, Australia legal system, Law Institute Victoria, ,electronic, 3-9-07, http://www.liv.asn.au/public/legalinfo/court/ 2. Law institute Victoria, 2007, Australia legal system, law institute Victoria, ,electronic, 3-9-07, http://www.liv.asn.au/public/legalinfo/court/court-The-2.html Question 2 Jurisdiction is the power of the court or the right of the administration that can apply their laws on a particular context or issue. In the absence of internet and e commerce, the Jurisdiction used to depend on the geographical context of the occurrence of the incident. The advent of internet is making the concept of jurisdiction more complex and the administrations are compelled to make new laws regarding jurisdiction in the issues involving internet. In relation to internet there are contexts that raised the question of the authority of the courts in various places. As the electronic communication involves the border crossing the internet is borderless. This needs a definition of jurisdiction of its own without relating to the previous understanding of jurisdiction. The law used to deal with the physical movement or presence that

Review of Karl Marx’s Capital (1867)

Review of Karl Marx’s Capital (1867) Review of Karl Marx’s article Capital Capital, published in 1867 instantly made its mark as one of Karl Marx’s most ‘detailed critique of economic life.’ (Rivikin Ryan, 665, 2004) In his article, Marx not only highlights that we ‘fetishize the objects that appeal most immediately to our senses’, (Rivikin Ryan, 665, 2004) but he also argues that we ignore the real exploitation of the workers who provide these commodities on the marketplace. In his article, Marx illuminates how the capitalist economic system structures human society. One of the ideas that he puts forward is how the relationship between ‘satisfying human wants’ for the value of a commodity contrasts with the invisible exploitation of labour. He states that man easily ‘changes the forms’ of the commodities in order to be ‘useful to him’, therefore demonstrating how the bourgeoisie owns the means of production thus highlighting how they are only interested in producing the maximum surplus value to suit their needs. Furthermore, Marx describes the capitalist as an ‘enigmatical character’ which further suggests they have the power and control over the world’s natural, economic and human resources to take advantage of the product of labour, as soon as it takes the ‘form of commodities’ which is of high value. Another idea put forward by Marx is the contrast between the social relations and the technical relations of production. Firstly, Marx states ‘their own labour is presented to them as a social relation’ which is of importance as it means it is the people who are associated to a relatively stable economic structure. However, Marx goes on to say the producer’s labour only exists ‘between the product of their labour’ which implies it is now the people that relate to objects; thus highlighting how the result of production determines your social class. In addition, he states that the qualities of the products of labour are ‘perceptible and imperceptible’ which links back to the idea of how we are not only ignorant to the producers of commodities but this opens up to the alienation of social relations. Following on from this idea, the social relations become less apparent as Marx argues that the value relation between the products of labour has ‘no connection with their physical properties’. Marx’s idea of commodity fetishism is highlighted here as it transforms how the production of commodities and money are exchanged in the market trade through secretly hiding the fact that someone was exploited to produce that value of commodity. Furthermore, Marx continues to illuminate the human alienation of the capitalist structure as he states man is drawn into this concept by ‘the fantastic form of a relation between things’. Marx believes that through reification, these commodities now seen as objects obscure the economic exploitation of the labourer’s (subjects) wages and the new value of product created by the worker themselves. In his article, Marx cleverly underpins how we are ignorant to the inefficient and exploitive system with the analogy of the ‘act of seeing’. He argues that from the ‘external object to the eye’, we see an ‘actual passage of light from one thing to another’, which implies the exploitation of labourer’s is not invisible; but we just choose not to see it as we live in a controlled society. In his article Marx demonstrates a contrast between the social and technical relation production and from this light analogy we can argue that there is a need for social dependency that capitalism feeds off; in order for economic power to overrule all political and social activities. Furthermore, the value of capital would deteriorate if labour is removed from the workplace, thus highlighting how the bourgeoisie are in effect dependent upon the proletariat labour-power. In his text, Marx also puts forward a philosophical concept which brings about the theory of alienation of the capitalist system. The analogy of the ‘mist-enveloped regions of the religious world’ is a highly effective idea as it illuminates that Christianity and the concept of God estranges the natural characteristics of our human desires. Marx essentially made use of Charles de Brosses concept of fetishism through his The Cult of Fetish Gods (1760) which suggests a materialist theory of the origin of religion which developed the idea of commodity fetishism. Marx gives reference to ‘men’s hands’ which arguably suggests that the whole system is corrupt as commodities are seen as more valuable than the labourer who produced it. Marx concludes with ‘This I call Fetishism’ which emphasises and summarises how unfair and corrupt the capitalist system works. Word count: 748 Marxism applied to Raymond Carver’s poem Shiftless There are many subtle concepts of Marxism found in Raymond Carver’s poem Shiftless, published in 1985. The first few lines highlight the idea that everything is masked in the capitalist system of control. He states the people who were higher up the social ladder ‘were comfortable’ (1) who were fortunate to live in ‘painted houses with flush toilets’ (2) and ‘drove cars whose year and make were recognizable’ (3). From the description given, the materialist goods illuminate the idea of conspicuous consumption; they purchase these costly good and publicly display them to impress people with their wealth of economic power. Furthermore, this idea of ‘painted houses’ could be symbolic for the fact that commodity fetishism is active as it shows these material commodities are of greater value than those who produced it. Also, ‘painted’ links in with Marx’s idea of how we are ignorant to acknowledge the exploitation of labourer’s. These material goods also link in with Marx’s idea of ‘satisfying human wants’ from his chapter on Capital. The consumer aspires to have the best of the best commodities in order to gain social, economic and cultural prestige. Marx argues in his chapter on The German Ideology that ‘those who lack the means of production are subject to it.’ (Rivkin Ryan, 2004, 656) This means depending on where you stand on the ladder of the capitalist system, you are put in a social class depending on the amount of means of production. Carver continues with ‘The ones worse off were sorry’ which links in with Mar x’s theory of how the working class are exploited and it further attacks the unfair capitalist market system. Carver gives reference to ‘strange cars’ and ‘dusty yards’ (5) to juxtapose the material goods in the first three lines. The poet cleverly shows the distinction between the value of commodities and the social classes in just one line. This links in with Marx’s alienation theory of the effect of the capitalist production on labourers. These material objects are there in the poem so that the reader can identify the clear contrast in social class; however those who are subject to it are under the false consciousness as it is the way a capitalist society works. According to Bertell Ollman, he argues that all classes are under some form of alienation, but it is ‘the proletariats affliction is the most severe.’ (Ollman, 2014) Following this idea, we can see the contrast of material commodities given in Shiftless, which highlights the exploitation of labour. The reference to ‘dusty yards’ suggests the capitalist system dominates the history of class struggle and the poem reflects the poverty that the proletariat undergo. In his poem, Carver cleverly represents his own opinion of life to mock the capitalist system of control as he stats ‘My goal was always / to be shiftless. I saw the merit in that.’(8 9) The poet Jim McGarrah states that ‘This constant state of flux and the battle for economic stability began to take a toll on Carver’s personal life’ (McGarrah, 2009) which highlights the domineering effect of the capitalist control. The idea of ‘doing nothing’ (11) links in with Marx’s view of ideology and how ideology is part of everyday reality. Terry Eagleton, a literary theorist, argues that ‘people invest in their own unhappiness’ (Eagleton, 1991, 13) which suggests why Carver experiences simple activities in the poem. The word ‘Spitting.’ (15) is positioned on its own to perhaps emphasise how this shiftless behaviour is seen to be more appealing than being a subject to an exploitive system where commodities are of m ore value. Marx uses a philosophical analogy of how the natural characteristics of human behaviour is estranged due to them being subjective to an ideological apparatus of a higher system; God in the religious world. Carver challenges this interpellation procedure by stating in the final two lines ‘â€Å"Don’t I know you?† / Not, â€Å"What are you going to be when you grow up?†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Carver highlights how controlled society is as everyone believes they have to be ‘something’ or ‘someone’ in order to attain social prestige. The pressure of a good reputation and a social status is what forces us into the idea of having to have the best commodities that we either buy or own in order to communicate a sense of social prestige. This poem highlights Marxist theoretical concepts in order to highlight how exploitive, alienating and inefficient the capitalist system is. Word count: 740

Corinthians :: essays research papers

Corinthians, the seventh book of the New Testament, was written by Paul to get across that Jesus is alive (15:3-18) and that we will be resurrected (15:35-38), among other things. Today there is no dispute that Paul is the author of I Corinthians. â€Å"Both external and the internal evidence for the Pauline authorship are so strong that those who attempt to show the apostle was not the writer succeed chiefly in proving their own incompetence as critics.†1 As internal evidence, Paul identifies himself as the author in 1 Corinthians 1:1 and 16:21. External evidence of Paul writing this letter is supported by people such as Clement of Rome (c. 95-97) and Augustine (c. 400). The letter was written to the people of Corinth. Corinth was a strategically located Roman city on the main land route between East and West and was the crossroads for several sea routes. Corinth was famous for its intellectual and material prosperity and was honored with being the capitol of Ancaia. It also became famous for its corruption. Paul began his ministry there on his second missionary journey. He converted many influential people in Corinth, thus he stayed for a year and a half. Most likely, Paul left Corinth in the fall of AD 51. Paul returned to Corinth on his third trip to Asia, c. fall, AD 52. Paul then wrote this letter from Ephesus while on his third trip to Asia. Paul wrote the letter several years after his initial departure from Corinth in the fall of AD 51-52. The letter was written before the beginning of the summer since Paul intended to leave Ephesus after Pentecost. It was also written before winter since Paul wanted to come to them and spend the winter. Paul wrote the letter four or five years after his initial departure from Corinth. Paul had many points that he wanted to get across in I Corinthians. For instance, the purpose of the letter was to address problems in the local churches of Corinth. Also, to counter worldly wisdom with Spiritual wisdom, and to answer questions that Corinthians had brought to Paul. (7:1,25 8:1) Furthermore, he wanted to deal with the several moral problems and the divisions that had formed as people had divided into fan-clubs and were proclaiming themselves followers of Paul, Apollo, Peter or Christ. During this time the Corinthian church had many problems. Most of these problems were the result of pride and placing so much emphasis on social status. In Corinth there was a lack of church discipline and an abuse of the Christian liberty. Paul dealt with these problems one by one, but the pinnacle of Paul’s argument is in chapter 13

Freshman English Paper Oliver Sacks

English Wednesday April 4, 2012 â€Å"Perspective Matters† As children, we learn that there are five human senses: sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch. Upon reflection and memory, I realize that sight is always listed first in the list of senses. It may just be a reflex or a habit to do so, or maybe it’s just human nature to place high emphasis on sight. Sight is taken for granted by most of us, and when we encounter non-sighted individuals, we have an emotional and physical reaction that we’re relieved the non-sighted cannot see.Reading Oliver Sacks’ case â€Å"To See and Not See†, about a man named Virgil, gives me a new and interesting perspective on blindness. I have a friend who is partially deaf. She and I communicate with visual cues and our communication is helped by the fact that she can hear some sound and can read lips. In contrast, I cannot say I have had an occasion to spend time with a non-sighted person. While reading about Virgil, however, I felt that I was given an opportunity to learn about the life of someone who lives in a world of only four senses.Virgil was born with sight, he briefly lost it at the age of 3 while ill, and at age 6 developed cataracts which blocked his vision and made him functionally blind. The life he lived was a modest one. He â€Å"had a steady job and an identity, was self-supporting, had friends, read Braille papers and books†¦ Life was limited but stable in its way. † (112) He accepted his blindness as simply part of his existence; Virgil’s life was imbued with passivity. At the age of 47, Virgil became re-acquainted with an old girlfriend named Amy. Their relationship evolved into a committed one within 3 years.With Amy’s insistent encouragement, Virgil assented to have surgery to remove one of the cataracts, despite his family’s misgivings over the disruption to his already stable life and identity as someone who is blind. There is a distillatio n of Virgil’s state of being; as I see it, his life is not his own, other people are making choices for him, and he is not asserting himself. Amy and his mother have strong opinions about if he should live with sight or without sight. Virgil himself sits, waiting for them to make a decision about his destiny.And so began Virgil’s passive journey into seeing – again. Virgil’s situation is not unlike Greg’s from Sacks’ case â€Å"The Last Hippie. † While Virgil was about to regain his vision, Greg, by contrast, was losing his; the result of a stealthy tumor slowly stealing his sight. But Greg, like Virgil, initially had concerns when confronted by his differently sighted future. For Greg, he accepted the explanation of his swami about the loss of his vision being due to â€Å"a deeper spirituality, an inner light. † He was â€Å"an illuminate,† a great honor. 43) This explanation pacified him about his vision, as it also b rought him to a deeper spirituality. Despite their concerns, both Greg and Virgil came to accept their destiny being written by other people in their lives. Amy brought Virgil to her ophthalmologist who reviewed his case and ascertained that the old diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa may not have been accurate and he agreed to operate. Before the surgery, Virgil â€Å"could still see light and dark, the direction from which light came, and the shadow of a hand in front of his eyes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (108) Dr.Hamlin did the cataract removal on his right eye, inserted a new lens implant and after the bandage came off, Virgil could see but only after hearing the surgeon speak to him to attract his attention. The first thing that Virgil saw was not concrete or a firm image, but light, motions and colors. This was only a brief indication of the tangled web of sight that was ahead. Sacks states: â€Å"Everyone, Virgil included, expected something much simpler. A man opens his eyes, light ente rs and falls on the retina: he sees. though there had been a careful surgical discussion of the operation and possible postsurgical complications, there was little discussion or preparation for the neurological and psychological difficulties that Virgil might encounter. † (115) While reading about Virgil, I have to come reflect more upon myself and the sense of sight. Very recently, I was diagnosed with early-onset glaucoma. I received this news from my doctor with heightened emotion and anxiety about what I would do if I lost my vision. I am lucky that my doctor immediately did a procedure to stop the progression of the glaucoma and keep my vision at its current state.I try to put myself in Virgil’s place and have become more empathetic to him and his particular circumstance. I think of my friend who is partially deaf; she says she wouldn’t change it for anything; it is who she is. Is Virgil conflicted about his identity now that he can see? When Dr. Sacks meets Virgil, Sacks is struck by the way he acted; that Virgil was exhibiting behavior of someone who looks but does not grasp the full picture. He is â€Å"mentally blind† or the definition of agnosic – the partial or total inability to recognize objects or persons by use of the appropriate sense – in Virgil’s case, the sense of sight.For example, he sees in pieces: notices facial features, not a composed face. Virgil still continues to use the actions of a blind person for everyday living, having Amy, now his wife, to establish lines for him to walk from room to room in their house. He even says he finds walking â€Å"scary† and â€Å"confusing† without touch, without his cane. (120) Virgil is dealing with being disrupted by massive changes: having surgery and getting married. The confusion he feels about walking without his cane is understandable.The cane was his support for a basic of life; another aspect that is taken for granted, putting on e foot in front of another. Virgil’s independence is being encroached upon and there is an erosion of confidence in his abilities that were part of his identity as a sightless person. Additional aspects of his new life were just as jumbled, as disconnected. Virgil couldn’t identify his cat and dog without touching them while visually investigating them. He’s confused by distances, light, sizes, angles and perspectives. Sacks says that â€Å"Virgil was blinded for a minute, until he put on a pair of dark-green sunglasses.Even ordinary daylight, he said, was too bright for him, too glary, he felt that he saw best in quite subdued light. † (131) During the initial testing Sacks’ conducted with Virgil, they went to a zoo for an outing. Virgil was only able to make out an animal by either the way it moved or by specific visual features, such as height. His heightened sense of hearing was noticed when he heard the lions roaring in the distance. He had a request to touch an animal, and was able to examine a statue of an ape. When he touched the statue, â€Å"he had an air of assurance that he had never shown when examining anything by sight†¦. emanding that he renounce all that came easily to him, that he sense the world in a way incredibly difficult for him and alien. † (132-33) Virgil’s non-sighted and sighted worlds joined briefly in the moment when it became apparent he could visually identify more features of the ape only after touching the statue. In Virgil’s journey to see again, he appears to be finding his way by adapting his skills from his past life to his current existence. There must have been a necessity to do so, so as to bridge the gap and to glue together who he was with who he is, and who he is going to be.Otherwise, I could see the confusion, disruption and erosion of independence would become overwhelming to Virgil and could therefore stymie any potential for improvement after the upcomi ng second surgery. Virgil was experiencing periods of severe visual fatigue and spontaneous distorted vision. The fatigue was understandable; his visual system was weak and unstable, not yet practiced and strong. The periods of distorted vision that lasted for hours or days were not as easy to understand, and therefore more of a worry.The continuation of the distorted vision became apparent with displays of what Sacks calls psychic blindness: â€Å"speaking of seeing while in fact appearing blind and showing no visual behavior whatever. † (136) He exhibited another type of withdrawal of sight, emotional, as well. When his family came to town for his wedding, Virgil began to need Amy to lead him around due to blurred vision. His family did oppose the surgery and despite the verity even then they did not believe he could see. Virgil’s emotional withdrawal of sight only ended after his family left post-wedding.Virgil was treated by his family as his former self instead of as his current self; his past passivity returned and he gave them what they wanted: Virgil as a blind man. His current visual identity must have felt threatened. Due to Virgil’s unpracticed and weak visual state, â€Å"that either neural overload or identity conflict might just push him over it. † (138) After the surgery on Virgil’s left eye revealed that his acuity was the same as the right eye, there was some improvement but not as much as had been hoped for. He was able to focus somewhat better and was able to go back to work after the 2 months since the first surgery.Massage therapy was different for him now that he could see his clients. In order to do his job comfortably, he had to close his eyes and function as a non-sighted person. This experience for Virgil made him revert to functioning as blind rather than sighted, continuing his identity confusion. His continuing experiences for the next few months were memorable: experiencing the holidays with sigh t, seeing his family and home in Kentucky, seeing the ballet with Amy. He interacted with his family while exhibiting visual behaviors, a big step towards change for Virgil. The change was arrested by his becoming critically ill with pneumonia.The result of the illness was lack of oxygen to brain, and Virgil’s vision was receding. He acted as though he could see even when he couldn’t; by reaching for things but saying he could not see. Sacks indicates â€Å"This condition – called implicit sight – occurs if the visual parts of the cerebral cortex are knocked out, but the visual centers in the subcortex remain intact. † (146) At this point for Virgil, he is now experiencing even more change; after his health improves and he leaves the hospital, he is attached to an oxygen tank which leaves him unable to work, and therefore having to move from his home.Of course, these changes have an effect on Virgil’s visual and emotional states, as they wou ld on anyone. Virgil is now blind – again. Even though Virgil has rare moments of minimal sight, he has returned to functioning as a non-sighted person. After the all too-human reaction of rage, Virgil himself has expressed an acceptance of his visual situation. Sacks notes, â€Å"Virgil for his part, maintains philosophically, ‘These things happen. ’† (151) As Virgil says, things do happen. My friend lost her hearing as a toddler; I will be losing my vision and prepare myself for this inevitable future.All of us deal with these stages of life and envelop them into ourselves, our identities. There are different definitions of perspective: point of view; representation of objects as they might appear to the eye; a mental view or prospect. To apply them all to Virgil is to see him as he should be seen, without a need to change him and to accept him with and without sight. Works Cited Sacks, Oliver. An Anthropologist on Mars: Seven Paradoxical Tales. New York : Vintage, 1996. Print. —. â€Å"The Last Hippie. † An Anthropologist on Mars: Seven Paradoxical Tales. New York: Vintage, 1996. 42 – 76. Print.

The History of Sao Paulo

Sà £o Paulo, Brazil is the largest city in Latin America, edging out runner-up Mexico City by a couple of million inhabitants. It has a long and interesting history, including serving as home base for the infamous Bandeirantes. Foundation The first European settler in the area was Joà £o Ramalho, a Portuguese sailor who had been shipwrecked. He was the first to explore the area of present-day Sà £o Paulo. Like many cities in Brazil, Sà £o Paulo was founded by Jesuit Missionaries. Sà £o Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga was established in 1554 as a mission to convert Guainà ¡s natives to Catholicism. In 1556-1557 the Jesuits built the first school in the region. The town was strategically located, being between the ocean and fertile lands to the west, and it is also on the Tietà ª River. It became an official city in 1711. Bandeirantes In the early years of Sà £o Paulo, it became the home base for the Bandeirantes, which were explorers, slavers, and prospectors who explored the interior of Brazil. In this remote corner of the Portuguese Empire, there was no law, so ruthless men would explore the uncharted swamps, mountains and rivers of Brazil taking whatever they wanted, be it native slaves, precious metals or stones. Some of the more ruthless Bandeirantes, such as Antonio Rapà ´so Tavares (1598-1658), would even sack and burn Jesuit missions and enslave the natives who lived there. The Bandeirantes explored a great deal of the Brazilian interior, but at a high cost: thousands, if not millions of natives, were killed and enslaved in their raids.​​ Gold and Sugar Gold was discovered in the state of Minas Gerais at the end of the seventeenth century, and subsequent explorations discovered precious stones there as well. The gold boom was felt in Sà £o Paulo, which was a gateway to Minas Gerais. Some of the profits were invested in sugarcane plantations, which were quite profitable for a time. Coffee and Immigration Coffee was introduced to Brazil in 1727 and has been a crucial part of the Brazilian economy ever since. Sà £o Paulo was one of the first cities to benefit from the coffee boom, becoming a center for coffee commerce in the nineteenth century. The coffee boom attracted Sà £o Paulo’s first major wave of foreign immigrants after 1860, mostly poor Europeans (particularly Italians, Germans, and Greeks) seeking work, although they were soon followed by a number of Japanese, Arabs, Chinese, and Koreans. When slavery was outlawed in 1888, the need for workers only grew. Sà £o Paulo’s considerable Jewish community also was established around this time. By the time the coffee boom fizzled in the early 1900s, the city had already branched out into other industries. Independence Sà £o Paulo was important in the Brazilian independence movement. The Portuguese Royal Family had moved to Brazil in 1807, fleeing Napoleon’s armies, establishing a royal court from which they ruled Portugal (at least theoretically: in reality, Portugal was ruled by Napoleon) as well as Brazil and other Portuguese holdings. The Royal family moved back to Portugal in 1821 after the defeat of Napoleon, leaving eldest son Pedro in charge of Brazil. The Brazilians were soon angered by their return to colony status, and Pedro agreed with them. On September 7, 1822, in Sà £o Paulo, he declared Brazil independent and himself Emperor. Turn of the Century Between the coffee boom and wealth coming from mines in the interior of the country, Sà £o Paulo soon became the richest city and province in the nation. Railroads were built, connecting it to the other important cities. By the turn of the century, important industries were making their base in Sà £o Paulo, and the immigrants kept pouring in. By then, Sà £o Paulo was attracting immigrants not only from Europe and Asia but from within Brazil as well: poor, uneducated workers from the Brazilian northeast flooded into Sà £o Paulo looking for work. The 1950s Sà £o Paulo benefited greatly from the industrialization initiatives developed during the administration of Juscelino Kubitschek (1956-1961). During his time, the automotive industry grew, and it was centered in Sà £o Paulo. One of the workers in the factories in the 1960s and 1970s was none other than Luiz Inà ¡cio Lula da Silva, who would go on to become president. Sà £o Paulo continued to grow, both in terms of population and influence. Sà £o Paulo also became the most important city for business and commerce in Brazil. Sà £o Paulo Today Sà £o Paulo has matured into a culturally diverse city, powerful economically and politically. It continues to be the most important city in Brazil for business and industry and lately has been discovering itself culturally and artistically as well. It has always been on the cutting edge of art and literature and continues to be home to many artists and writers. It is an important city for music as well, as many popular musicians are from there. The people of Sà £o Paulo are proud of their multicultural roots: the immigrants who populated the city and worked in its factories are gone, but their descendants have kept their traditions and Sà £o Paulo is a very diverse city.